Chapter 6: The Foreign-Policy Bureaucracy

Annotated Internet References

The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (www.cbpp.org) focuses on federal and state budget priorities, including research on taxes and spending. Projects of interest deal with analysis of military spending, specific foreign-policy spending, and tax burdens for national security.

 

The Central Intelligence Agency (www.cia.gov) operates a Web site that provides detailed information about the CIA’s mission as well as about global developments. The CIA World Factbook, available online, provides comprehensive political, economic, military, and other data regarding all nation-states.

 

The Congressional Research Service’s CRS Reports (http://fas.org/sgp/crs/index.html), from the research arm of Congress, provide briefings on specific policy issues and include background information, chronologies, bibliographic references, and budget statistics. CRS reports on particular topics are often updated each year. The CRS itself does not make its reports available online, but several other sites post them, including the sites listed above. CRS reports currently posted include detailed information on terrorism, intelligence policy, international trade, foreign aid, global finance, arms trade and control, missile defense, and energy policy; bilateral reports such as those on U.S.–Russian and U.S.–Israeli relations are also posted.

 

The Department of Defense (www.defenselink.mil) is vested with military and security responsibilities for the United States and many countries around the globe. This site provides access to defense-related activities, specific programs, information regarding the military and its past operations, and speeches and transcripts from defense officials. Included also are links to agencies within the Defense Department as well as a list of online publications such as the defense budget, Defense Almanac, and reports on capabilities and security measures.

 

The newest cabinet agency, the Department of Homeland Security (www.dhs.gov), provides consistent updates on the war on terrorism as well as missions to contain and combat domestic terrorism. The site also has information on immigration, border control, and policies related to emergency actions. Speeches, documents, and research links are provided as well.

 

The Department of State (www.state.gov) is vested with many aspects of diplomacy, including foreign aid, peace building, democratization, and disease and poverty prevention, as well as other aspects of the U.S. foreign-policy process. The State Department’s Web site provides speeches, policy descriptions, and issue explanations for those studying U.S. foreign policy.

 

The Government Accountability Office (www.gao.gov) evaluates and reports on congressional and presidential decision making, budgets, and policies. Included on its Web site are audits, evaluations, and policy analysis reports regarding intergovernmental relations and policy decisions. Of specific interest to researchers are published reports on long-term policy decisions such as the costs and budget information for the war on terrorism, the war in Iraq, and homeland security operations.

 

The Office of Management and Budget (www.whitehouse.gov/omb) presents budget documents and responsibilities for all federally funded departments and agencies. Information regarding particular missions for each organization, personnel statistics, and yearly funding decisions are charted and available.

 

The Web site for the Office of the United States Trade Representative (www.ustr.gov) provides links and access to bilateral and multilateral trade data and events. Information regarding NAFTA, the WTO, and Free Trade negotiations is particularly helpful for research. Speeches, testimony, trade legislation, and daily updates on international trade are also hosted on this page.

 

The United States Agency for International Development (www.usaid.gov) provides information and statistics regarding U.S. foreign and military aid to other countries. Information on humanitarian efforts and specific mission programs to other countries is included on the site. Other specific research topics are agriculture, democratization, global health, and humanitarian mission projects.

 

The Web site for the United States Intelligence Community (www.intelligence.gov) provides information on the organization of all U.S. intelligence agencies and their relationships toward each other and the government as a whole. Meetings and special report findings regarding national and international intelligence are reported and summarized on this site, the scope of which is broader than the CIA Web site described above.

Additional Links of Interest

Congress and the Presidency: A Journal of Capital Studies (http://spa.american.edu/ccps/pages.php?ID=20)

Congressional Research Service Reports (http://fas.org/sgp/crs/index.html)

CQ Weekly (http://www.cq.com)

Foreign Policy (http://www.foreignpolicy.com)

Foreign Policy Analysis (http://fpa.tamu.edu/)

Journal of Politics (http://journalofpolitics.org/)

Legislative Studies Quarterly (http://www.uiowa.edu/~lsq/)

National Journal (http://nationaljournal.com/)

Presidential Studies Quarterly (http://www.thepresidency.org)

Suggested Readings Cited in Chapter 6

Andrew, Christopher. 1995. For the President’s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush. New York: HarperCollins.

 

Clark, Wesley K. 2001. Waging Modern War: Bosnia, Kosovo, and the Future of Combat. New York: Public Affairs.

 

Destler, I. M. 1994. “A Government Divided: The Security Complex and the Economic Complex.” In The New Politics of American Foreign Policy, ed. David A. Deese, 132–147. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

 

Dolan, Chris, and Jerel Rosati. 2006. “U.S. Foreign Economic Policy and the Significance of the National Economic Council,” International Studies Perspectives 7(2): 102-123.

 

Galdi, Theodor W. 1995. Revolution in Military Affairs? Competing Concepts, Organizational Responses, Outstanding Issues. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.

 

Inderfurth, Karl F., and Loch K. Johnson, eds. 2004. Fateful Decisions: Inside the National Security Council. New York: Oxford University Press.

 

Kennan, George F. 1997. “Diplomacy without Diplomats?” Foreign Affairs 76 (September–October): 198–212.

 

Lederman, Gordan N. 1999. Reorganizing the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.

 

Lemann, Nicholas. 2002. “The Next World Order: The Bush Administration May Have a Brand-New Doctrine of Power.” The New Yorker, April 1, 42–48.

 

MacGregor, Douglas A. 2003. Transformation Under Fire: Revolutionizing How America Fights. Westport, Conn.: Praeger

 

O’Hanlon, Michael E. 2002. Defense Policy Choices for the Bush Administration. 2d ed. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.

 

Relyea, Harold C. 2004. Homeland Security: Department Organization and Management Implementation Phase. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.

 

Rubin, Barry. 1985. Secrets of State: The State Department and the Struggle over U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.

 

Wiarda, Howard. 2000. “Beyond the Pale: The Bureaucratic Politics of United States Policy in Mexico.” World Affairs 162 (Spring): 174–190.

 

Wilson, James Q. 1989. Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It. New York: Basic Books.

 

Zegart, Amy B. 1999. Flawed by Design: The Evolution of the CIA, JCS, and NSC. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

 

- 2005. “September 11 and the Adaptation Failure of U.S. Intelligence Agencies.” International Security 29(4): 78-111.

Suggested Readings Following the Themes of Chapter 6

De Castro, Renato C. 2000. “Whither Geoeconomics? Bureaucratic Inertia in U.S. Post-Cold War Foreign Policy toward East Asia.” Asian Affairs: An American Review 26 (Winter): 201–222.

 

Drezner, Daniel W. 2000. “Ideas, Bureaucratic Politics, and the Crafting of Foreign Policy.” American Journal of Political Science 44 (October): 733–450.

 

Easterly, William. 2002. “The Cartel of Good Intentions.” Foreign Policy 131 (July–August): 40–45.

 

Friedberg, Aaron L. 2001. In the Shadow of the Garrison State. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

 

Gormley, William T., Jr., and Steven J. Balla. 2004. Bureaucracy and Democracy. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

 

Halberstam, David. 2001. War in a Time of Peace: Bush, Clinton, and the Generals. New York: Scribners.

 

Hill, Christopher. 2003. The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

 

Holt, Pat M. 1995. Secret Intelligence and Public Policy: A Dilemma of Democracy. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

 

Hook, Steven W. 2003. “Domestic Obstacles to International Affairs: The State Department Under Fire.” PS: Political Science and Politics 36 (January): 23–29.

 

Huber, John D., and Charles R. Shipan. 2002. Deliberate Discretion? The Institutional Foundations of Bureaucratic Autonomy. New York: Cambridge University Press.

 

Langhorne, Richard, and Keith A. Hamilton. 1995. The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory, and Practice. New York: Routledge

 

Litwak, Robert S. 2001. “What’s in a Name? The Changing Foreign Policy Lexicon.” Journal of International Affairs 54 (Spring): 375–393.

 

Mowbry, Joel. 2003. Dangerous Diplomacy: How the State Department Threatens National Security. Washington, D.C.: Regnery.

 

Mylroie, Laurie. 2003. Bush vs. the Beltway: How the CIA and the State Department Tried to Stop the War on Terror. New York: Regan Books.