In this ground-breaking study, Stephen White, Richard Rose, and Ian McAllister analyze the momentous sequence of elections held during the collapse of the Soviet Union and the creation of the Russian Federation. Declaring Russia a "late entrant to the world of free elections" that still lags behind its postcommunist neighbors, the authors trace the progress of democratization by examining data from the nationwide New Russia Barometer surveys.

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Introduction: Coming Late to Free Elections
Significance of Russian Elections
Objectives of the Book
Acknowledgments

1. Elections Soviet Style
The Significance of Choice and Accountability
The Marxist-Leninist Inheritance
A Negotiated Relationship

2. Opening Pandora's Box: The First Competitive Elections
Electing the USSR Congress of Deputies in 1989
Elections in the Republics in 1990
Electing a Russian President in 1991

3. What Can Influence Russian Voters?
Political Attitudes in Postcommunist Russia
Economic Influences in Postcommunist Russia
Social Structure

4. Referendum or Opinion Poll?
The Referendum in Soviet Political Thought
The Soviet and Russian Referendums of March 1991
The Russian Referendum of April 1993
Voting in the April Referendum

5. A Weak Yes for a Constitution
Toward a New Russian Constitution
The October Crisis and a Draft Constitution
Voting and Voters in the December Referendum

6. Election a Parliament
The Contenders
The Campaign
The Results

7. Mobilizing Demobilized Russians
The Absence of Party Identification
Who Supports Which Party?
Patterns of Party Competition

8. Boris Yeltsin and the Russian Presidency
The Emergence of a Russian Presidency
The Yeltsin Presidency
Russians and the Yeltsin Presidency

9. Taking Positions for the 1995 Duma Election
Policies and Politics
Forming, Reforming, and Abandoning Parties
Negotiating the Election Law

10. The 1995 Duma Campaign
Parties as Irrational Actors
Parties and Candidates
The Media Campaign

11. Russians Vote Against
Consequences of Irrational Parties
Profiles of Party Voters
Interpreting the Results

12. Competition between Regimes: Yeltsin vs. Zyuganov
A Competitive but Not Consolidated Democracy
A Polarizing Campaign
Finishing First—Barely
A Forced Choice
No Turning Back

Appendix A. The Surveys
New Russia Barometer II
New Russia Barometer III
New Russia Barometer V

Appendix B. Definitions of Variables
Political Attitudes
Economic Attitudes
Social Structure

Appendix C. Methods

References
Index of Names
Index of Subjects

Stephen White is professor of politics and a member of the Institute of Russian and East European Studies at the University of Glasgow. He is also president of the British Association for Slavic and East European Studies. His publications include Political Culture and Soviet Politics, The Bolshevik Poster, After Gorbachev, and Russia Goes Dry.

Richard Rose is the author of many election books and scholarly papers. He is editor of International Encyclopedia of Elections, published by CQ Press. Rose is the director of the Center for the Study of Public Policy at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, where Neil Munro is a fellow scholar.

Ian McAllister is professor of government and chair of the Department of Government at the University of Manchester. He is the author of Political Behavior and coauthor of Dimensions of Australian Society and The Australian Political System. His research interests are in the areas of comparative political behavior, political parties, and voters and electoral systems.